European Parliament Study — November 2025

Medicine was built for men.

Women live longer than men — but spend more of those years in pain, misdiagnosed, undertreated, and invisible to medical science. This is the Gender Health Gap.

Explore the data →
5.3
years longer women live than men in the EU
80%
of autoimmune
patients are women
more likely to have
a heart condition
misdiagnosed
$1T
potential annual
economic boost
by 2040
"Structural gender inequalities in medical research, drug development and access to health care directly and cumulatively undermine women's health in the EU."
European Parliament Study, PE 778.519 — November 2025

The gap in numbers

Data from the European Parliament study on gender inequalities in medical research, drug development and access to care.

41.2%
Average share of female participants in clinical trials (2016–2019), despite women being 50% of the population.
Sosinsky et al., Contemporary Clinical Trials, 2022
52%
More adverse drug events reported by women than men since 2000, including 36% more serious or fatal events.
World Economic Forum, 2024
5%
Of global R&D funding in 2020 went to women's health research — 1% to all non-cancer women's conditions.
Nature Reviews Bioengineering, 2024
2 yrs
Women are diagnosed on average 2 years later than men across 770 diseases; cancer takes 2.5 years longer.
Westergaard et al., Nature Comms, 2019
3.5×
Medical products withdrawn for safety reasons since 1980 were 3.5× more likely to pose risks specifically for women.
WEF Closing the Women's Health Gap, 2024
40–45M
Disability-adjusted life years lost per year due to the women's health gap — equivalent to 4 days per woman per year.
World Economic Forum, 2024
80%
Of preclinical drug safety studies in 2021 used only male mice; just 22% of phase I trial patients were female.
Science Pharma, 2021
37%
Of all deaths in women in the EU in 2024 were caused by cardiovascular disease — the leading killer of women.
EU 27 Cardiovascular Realities 2025 Report

Why does this gap exist?

The World Economic Forum identifies four interconnected failures driving the women's health gap.

Science

The study of human biology defaults to the male body. Research conducted primarily on men is applied to women without sufficient evidence, creating dangerous knowledge gaps.

Data

Women's health burdens are systematically underestimated. Datasets exclude or undervalue key conditions. Sex- and gender-disaggregated data remain rare across all medical fields.

Care Delivery

Women face greater barriers to care, diagnostic delays, and suboptimal treatment. The same condition in a woman is less likely to be taken seriously or treated promptly.

Investment

Lower investment in women's health conditions drives a reinforcing cycle of weaker scientific understanding, limited data, and reduced innovation. Closing this gap could boost the global economy $1 trillion annually by 2040.

Deep dives

Navigate the full scope of the gender health gap through six evidence-based sections.

01

Health Conditions

Gender differences in cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, depression, and autoimmune conditions — in diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment.

02

The Data Gap

How women are excluded from clinical trials and why the absence of female data leads to less effective — and sometimes dangerous — drugs.

03

Female-Specific Conditions

Endometriosis, menopause, uterine fibroids, pregnancy — conditions that affect only or predominantly women but receive minimal research funding.

04

Access to Care

Financial, geographic, cultural, and institutional barriers that prevent women — especially vulnerable groups — from accessing adequate healthcare.

05

History & What's Been Done

From ancient androcentrism to thalidomide, to today's EU regulations. A timeline of how medicine has failed women — and what's changing.

06

Take Action

Policy recommendations, personal awareness tips, and how you can help raise awareness and push for change on the gender health gap.